Run the simulation in Proteus VSM and observe the serial output. | Aspect | Simulation Reality | |--------|--------------------| | Isolation | No real isolation – but model behaves correctly | | Phase shift | Not critical for RMS measurement | | Noise & harmonics | Not modeled | | Temperature drift | Not simulated | | Transient response | Model may oversimplify |

1. Introduction The ZMPT101B is a popular, low-cost AC voltage sensor module designed for measuring mains voltage (up to 250V AC) using a microcontroller (e.g., Arduino, ESP32). It is based on a precision voltage transformer (ZMPT101B), an operational amplifier, and a built-in potentiometer for calibration. The module outputs an analog voltage (typically 0–5V DC) proportional to the AC input, making it compatible with ADC channels of most microcontrollers.