InstaCode Live is the most comprehensive knowledge base for locksmiths in the world. The technology has been designed by locksmiths to provide a practical and comprehensive tool that will help you run your business more efficiently and unlock new profit.
With over 187 key blank manufacturers, 8577 key code series and more than 3 billion key codes, InstaCode Live is constantly evolving to include the ever-increasing bank of information you need.
Abstract Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) Compustat is a cornerstone database for empirical research in corporate finance, accounting, and asset pricing. This paper provides a comprehensive guide to using WRDS Compustat, covering its data architecture (annual, quarterly, monthly, and daily files), key data items (e.g., AT – total assets, SALE – sales, NI – net income), and linkage to other databases (CRSP, IBES, Eventus). We detail access methods including web query, SAS, Python (via wrds package), and R. Common pitfalls—such as look-ahead bias, survivorship bias, improper handling of missing values, and adjusting for stock splits and dividends—are discussed with replicable code examples. Finally, we present a step-by-step empirical replication of a classic Fama–French (1993) factor construction using Compustat and CRSP data, demonstrating the workflow from raw data extraction to final regression analysis.
Note : Market equity (ME) is best obtained from CRSP monthly file ( mktcap or PRC * SHROUT ), then linked via CCM. 4.1 Web Query Interface WRDS web query is suitable for small extracts. Choose Compustat - Annual Updates , select GVKEY, DATADATE, AT, LT, SALE, and filter indfmt=‘INDL’ and consol=‘C’ (consolidated) and popsrc=‘D’ (domestic US). 4.2 SAS (most common legacy method) libname comp ‘/wrds/comp/sasdata/’; data annual; set comp.funda; where indfmt eq ‘INDL’ and consol eq ‘C’ and popsrc eq ‘D’; keep gvkey datadate fyr at lt ceq sale; if at > 0; run; 4.3 Python (recommended for modern workflows) import wrds import pandas as pd db = wrds.Connection() db.create_pgpass_file() wrds compustat
| Mnemonic | Description | Typical transformation | |----------|-------------|------------------------| | AT | Total assets | Book equity component | | LT | Total liabilities | For leverage | | CEQ | Common/ordinary equity | Book equity | | SALE | Net sales/turnover | Size proxy | | NI | Net income | Profitability | | EPSPX | Basic EPS (excl. extraordinary items) | Valuation ratios | | CSHO | Common shares outstanding | Market cap | | PRCC_F | Price close (fiscal year end) | For market-to-book | Abstract Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) Compustat is
: WRDS, Compustat, empirical finance, data management, SAS, Python, Fama-French factors 1. Introduction Empirical research in finance and accounting relies heavily on standardized, historical financial statement data. Compustat (originally from Standard & Poor’s, now part of S&P Global Market Intelligence) provides over 50 years of annual and quarterly fundamentals for publicly traded companies. The Wharton Research Data Services (WRDS) platform acts as a unified delivery system, offering seamless access to Compustat alongside CRSP, OptionMetrics, IBES, and others. This paper serves both as a tutorial and a methodological reference for researchers who need to extract, clean, and merge WRDS Compustat data. if at >
Each file includes a unique gvkey (Global Company Key) as the permanent identifier. Annual files have datadate (fiscal year end date) and fyr (fiscal year month). Essential Compustat data items (annual):
No-one else offers greater access to the information that lies at the very core of your business. It's independently run, so there's no bias toward any manufacturer, and it includes details and guides on every aspect of what you do.
Designed for an increasingly complex world, but we've made sure it's still simple for you to use it. There are lots of ways to search, using any combination of code, manufacturer, vehicle make, model and year, card number, key blank reference, and key type.
With new codes and data being researched, verified, and added every day, you can be sure InstaCode will always be the most comprehensive, up-to-date pool of knowledge available.
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InstaCode features
Cross-referencing for 187+ key blank manufacturers
8577+ key code series
Support for the widest range of key cutting machines
More than 3 billion key codes
Searches for bittings across a range of code series
Images of key blanks and keyways
Instructional guides for transponders
Guides for opening vehicles and disabling airbags
Lock decoding information |
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Cross-referencing for 187+ key blank manufacturers |
|
8577+ key code series |
|
Support for the widest range of key cutting machines |
|
More than 3 billion key codes |
|
Searches for bittings across a range of code series |
|
Images of key blanks and keyways |
|
Instructional guides for transponders |
|
Guides for opening vehicles and disabling airbags |
|
Lock decoding information |
