closure_func = outer("Secret") closure_func() # Secret def logger(func): def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print(f"Calling {func. name }") result = func(*args, **kwargs) print(f"Finished {func. name }") return result return wrapper

def add(a, b): return a + b

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def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): self.calls += 1 print(f"Call {self.calls} of {self.func.__name__}") return self.func(*args, **kwargs) @CountCalls def square(x): return x * x

print(power.) # power (not wrapper) print(power. doc ) # Raise base to exponent 6. Decorators with arguments (nested factory) def repeat(times): def decorator(func): @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): for _ in range(times): result = func(*args, **kwargs) return result return wrapper return decorator

say = greet # assign function to variable print(say("Alice")) # Hello, Alice def outer(msg): def inner(): # closure captures 'msg' print(msg) return inner