But the definitive 90s entry is David Lynch’s Mulholland Drive (2001—technically a cusp film but spiritually of the 90s). Here, amnesiac Rita (Laura Harring) and aspiring actress Betty (Naomi Watts) fall into a feverish romance inside a sun-drenched Los Angeles apartment. Their lovemaking scene is tender, even utopian. Yet the film’s second half reveals this as a dying fantasy: the real story is of failed actress Diane, who hires a hitman to kill her lover, Camilla (Rita’s double). Mulholland Drive is the purest lesbian psychodrama because it makes explicit the genre’s central question: Betty is Diane’s idealized self—talented, innocent, beloved. The lesbian romance is a dream from which the psyche wakes screaming. The infamous "blue box" and the silent, terrifying figure behind Winkie’s represent the return of repressed reality: jealousy, rejection, and murderous rage.
Defenders counter that the genre is not a documentary but a Gothic mode, using extremity to explore real psychological dynamics. Lesbians, like all people, can be jealous, obsessive, and destructive. To demand only positive, healthy representations is to deny queer characters the full range of human darkness. Moreover, many of the finest lesbian psychodramas ( The Handmaiden , Heavenly Creatures ) are directed by men, raising questions of the male gaze: are these films genuinely exploring female interiority, or are they repackaging the male fantasy of the dangerous, seductive lesbian? lesbian psychodramas
Other entries took a more clinical, chillier tone. Paul Verhoeven’s Elle (2016) features Isabelle Huppert as a video game CEO who is raped by a masked assailant and who also initiates a sadomasochistic affair with her married neighbor. The film’s lesbian element—her brief, transactional encounter with her best friend’s wife—is subsumed into a broader psychosexual tapestry. Meanwhile, Sebastián Lelio’s Disobedience (2017), about a woman (Rachel Weisz) who returns to her Orthodox Jewish community after her rabbi father’s death and rekindles an affair with a childhood friend (Rachel McAdams), inverts the genre: the psychodrama is external (the community’s surveillance, the threat of shunning) rather than internal. The lovers remain sane; the world is insane. But the definitive 90s entry is David Lynch’s
First, Peter Jackson’s Heavenly Creatures (1994), based on the true 1954 Parker–Hulme murder case. Teenagers Pauline and Juliet (Melanie Lynskey and Kate Winslet) forge a rapturous fantasy world to escape their mundane New Zealand lives. Their bond is not merely romantic; it is solipsistic, a closed circuit of shared delusion that excludes all outsiders. Jackson films their intimacy with giddy, grotesque energy—clay figures coming to life, operatic flights of fancy. But the psychodrama erupts when parents threaten to separate them. The lovers’ solution: murder. The film’s horror lies not in homophobia but in the terrifying logic of fused identities. When Pauline writes, "I could not have existed without Juliet," she articulates the genre’s core terror: the loss of self in the other. Yet the film’s second half reveals this as
The 1970s brought a more explicit, arthouse approach. Robert Altman’s Images (1972) features Susannah York as a schizophrenic children’s author whose hallucinations involve a doppelgänger lover. Although not exclusively a "lesbian" film, its portrayal of a woman tormented by her own reflected desire—killing the men who threaten her and yearning for an elusive female other—anticipates the genre’s obsession with doubles, mirrors, and the collapse of self versus other.
While the subgenre crystallized in the 1990s and 2000s, its roots lie in earlier depictions of deviant female sexuality. Henri-Georges Clouzot’s Les Diaboliques (1955) is a foundational text: two women—a mistreated wife and her husband’s lover—bond over their shared victimhood and conspire to murder him. The film’s genius lies in its queasy intimacy: the women bathe together, sleep in the same bed, and their alliance exudes a subterranean eroticism. After the murder, their relationship unravels into paranoia and ghostly terror. Here, the lesbian subtext powers the psychodrama; the unspoken love between them becomes the engine of their haunting.